PMC

The sample was divided into 15 parts () by a dotted grid: (a) illustrates the grain distribution of the sample and the coordinate of each part; (b) shows MBN detection in each part by scanning the sample. S1-g1, S1-g2, and S1-g3 denote three adjacent grains of the sample; S1-gb12 denotes the grain boundary between grain S1-g1 and grain S1-g2; S1-gb13 denotes the grain boundary between grain S1-g1 and grain S1-g3; and S1-gb23 denotes the grain boundary between grain S1-g2 and grain S1-g3.

Relationships between chalkiness and rice grain filling characteristic (n = 12). RP₀, relative initial growth potential; GFR_mean, mean grain filling rate; GFR_max, maximum grain filling rate; I, grain weight at maximum grain filling rate/maximum grain weight; GW_max, grain weight at maximum grain filling rate; t_max, time to reach the maximum filling rate; GFP_active, active grain filling period; GFP_effective, effective grain filling period; 0–t₁, early period; t₁–t₂, middle period; t₂–t₃, late period; MGR₁, mean grain filling rate during the early period; MGR₂, mean grain filling rate during the middle period; MGR₃, mean grain filling rate during the late period; CR₁, contribution rate of the early period; CR₂, contribution rate of the middle period; CR₃, contribution rate of the late period; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.

a Grain morphology of five parents in Taian of 2017. The scale bar represents 3 mm. b Boxplots for eight wheat grain morphology traits and grain weight. CY, HR, YN, and YT represented the RIL populations coming from the cross of the common parent YZ and the corresponding male parent CY, HR, YN, and YT, respectively. TGW, thousand grain weight; GA, grain area; GP, grain perimeter; GS, grain shape; GL, grain length; GW, grain width; GD, grain diameter; GR, grain roundness. The black dotted line represented the common female parent YZ. The dashed line of red, green, blue, and yellow represented the male parent CY, HR, YN, and YT, respectively

FE = Flour extraction (%), GPC = Grain protein content (%), GH = Grain hardness (HI), GY = Grain yield (kg ha-1), SPMS = No of spikes m2, GPS = No of Grains per spike, DH = Days to heading (d), PH = Plant height (cm), GH = Grain length, GW = Grain width, GA = Grain area, GLWR = Grain length width ratio, TGW = Thousand grain weight, TW = Test weight.